Regarding renal disease and urinalysis results, which of the following associations is correct?

c. Urine analysis is a cheap, simple and non-invasive screening tool for a variety of conditions and should be performed as standard in the investigation of suspected renal or urinary tract disease. Red-cell casts are simply impressions of the renal tubules that have been formed by compaction of red cells. These are almost always pathological and are associated with glomerulonephritis and vasculitic processes and occasionally seen in malignant hypertension with renal involvement. Glucose can be detected on urine dipstick analysis once the renal threshold for glucose reabsorption has been surpassed and occurs in conditions such as pregnancy, renal tubular damage, diabetes and in conditions of altered reabsorption of solutes such as chronic renal failure. Bilirubin can be seen in the urine with obstructive jaundice (post-hepatic jaundice) as water-soluble bilirubin, conjugated in the liver, overflows into the systemic circulation and is excreted by the kidneys. Nitrites are commonly seen in urinalysis with conditions such as urinary tract infection and high-protein meals (as nitrites are breakdown products of protein metabolism). Cystine crystals are diagnostic of the rare condition cystinuria.