Which of the following is NOT typically seen in nephrotic syndrome?

e. Haematuria is seen in nephritic conditions such as glomerulonephritis and is not associated with nephrotic syndrome by definition. Components of the nephrotic syndrome are proteinuria defined as protein loss in the urine at a rate of greater than 3g in a 24-hour period, hypoalbuminaemia defined as an albumin level less than 30g/L and oedema. Fourth and fifth elements are sometimes described as part of the syndrome and are hypercholesterolaemia and normal renal function respectively. Nephrotic syndrome can occur as a primary event or a secondary phenomenon but this definition is not clinically of great benefit in the management of cases of nephrotic syndrome as treatment is supportive in the first instance whilst the underlying cause is sought. Management focuses on use of diuretics to reduce oedema along with fluid and salt restriction, adequate nutrition to replace protein loss (approximately 1– 2g/kg/day) and venous thromboembolism prophylaxis unless contraindicated. This is due to the loss of clotting factors with heavy proteinuria and predisposes those with the nephrotic syndrome to thromboembolism. Hypercholesterolaemia usually requires no active treatment and will resolve alongside the nephrotic syndrome, however, if persistent, a role for statins may be indicated.