Q:

Risk factors for breast cancer include all of the following EXCEPT:

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Risk factors for breast cancer include all of the following EXCEPT:


  1. Nulliparity.
  2. Late pregnancy 30 years.
  3. Early menarche.
  4. Late menopause.
  5. High dietary dairy intake

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e. The majority of breast cancers are hormone sensitive. They are classified as oestrogen receptor positive or ER. For cancers that are hormone sensitive treatment may be commenced with medications such as tamoxifen, which is an oestrogen receptor antagonist. With this in mind, risk factors for breast cancer can be thought of as those that increase the duration for which the body is producing hormones, e.g. those with an early menarche and late menopause. There is some controversy surrounding dairy produce in diet and whether there is any association with the development of breast cancer. There is at present no firm evidence to suggest that there is an association. Other risk factors for breast cancer include past history, use of oral contraceptives, never having breastfed and a family history.

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