Myelomeningoceles are congenital malformations of the spinal cord. Which of the following findings are not commonly associated?

E. Mandatory urinary incontinence.

DISCUSSION: Myelomeningoceles are usually associated with hydrocephalus and the Chiari II malformation. The myelomeningocele sac is a midline dorsal spinal mass associated with defects in the skin, bone, and dura overlying the neural placode, and the sac is readily apparent at birth. Although the innervation of the bladder is dysmorphic, the majority of patients can achieve social urinary continence through the use of clean intermittent bladder catherization.