The medical indications for circumcision include which of the following?

a. Infants with a history of urinary tract infection

c. Phimosis 

e. Vesicoureteral reflux

The American Academy of Pediatrics has published guidelines on the indications for circumcision. Circumcision should be encouraged in infants with a history of urinary tract infection or vesicoureteral reflux to decrease the chances of ascending infection. On the contrary, in an infant with hypospadias, chordee, significant penoscrotal webbing, or other congenital problems, circumcision should be discouraged to preserve the foreskin for use in later reconstruction. In normal infants, circumcision is a matter of family choice and not an important issue for medical debate. Phimosis is a fibrotic contraction of the preputial aperture so that retraction is impossible. Circumcision or dorsal slit are the most effective solutions to phimosis. Enuresis is unrelated to the preputial skin and has no bearing on the decision for circumcision.