Which of the following statements regarding congenital diaphragmatic hernia are true?

b. Malrotation is to be expected

d. Survival rates of 75% are reported in several contemporary series 

e. Congenital heart disease is present in approximately 20% of these infants

During organogenesis closure of the right hemidiaphragm normally precedes that of the left. This asynchronous closure and the presence of the liver on the right account for the finding that 85% to 90% of congenital diaphragmatic hernias involve the left hemidiaphragm. Malrotation is an expected finding with diaphragmatic hernia because intestinal herniation into the thorax normally precedes the fixation of the gut to the posterior body wall. Pulmonary hypertension is a major feature of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and right-to-left shunting via a patent ductus arteriosus is present in virtually all of these children. Fifteen to 25% of infants with a diaphragmatic hernia have an associated anomaly, the most important being cardiovascular abnormalities. Although ventricular septal defects and aortic coarctations are most common, virtually all cardiac and great vessel anomalies have been reported. Cardiac ECHO screening examinations are therefore routine. Survival rates as high as 75% to 90% in selected high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients have been reported in several large clinical series over the last five to ten years. This is an apparent improvement from the historic range of 50%.