Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the results of lung transplantation?

b. The worst survival is seen in patients with pulmonary hypertension 

d. Infection is a common cause of mortality in both the early and late post-transplant period

In just over ten years since the first successful lung transplant, approximately 3000 transplants have been performed. Overall, one-year actuarial survival following lung transplant is approximately 70% (single lung = 70%; bilateral lung = 74%). At two years, survival drops to 63%. Patients with emphysema have the best survival at one and two years while those with pulmonary hypertension had the worse (77% vs 61%). Patients with cystic fibrosis do almost as well as the group with emphysema (72%). Overall there is some continuing to fall off in survival at three years with an overall survival of 57% which drops to 51% at four years and 46% at five years. Causes of recipient death can be categorized according to the time frame in which they occur. Early (less than 90 days following transplant) death most commonly results from bacterial infection. Infection also accounts for approximately one-third of late deaths (greater than 90 days) following transplantation. A similar percentage results from manifestations of chronic rejection and obliterative bronchiolitis.