Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning renal transplantation?

a. Living-related donor transplants typically can be expected to have one-year graft survival rates of over 90%

The use of living-related donor renal transplant has multiple advantages including improved short-and long-term graft survival, routine immediate allograft function, and fewer rejection and infectious episodes. Nearly all transplantation centers that perform living-related donor transplantations report one-year graft survival rates of over 90%. The use of preconditioning of the recipient with donor-specific blood transfusions from their living donor can improve graft survival. The major drawback to this maneuver is the development of recipient anti-donor antibodies (sensitization) which occurs in nearly one-third of recipients. The development of sensitizing antibodies eliminates the use of that donor. With the introduction of cyclosporine, the use of donor-specific transfusions with subsequent immunosuppression, was compared to nontransfused recipients treated with cyclosporine and prednisone. These investigations have demonstrated excellent graft survival rates over long-term follow-up and therefore routine donorspecific transfusions are seldom performed in adults. In the azathioprine and prednisone immunosuppression era, several immunologic and nonimmunologic risk factors were identified as having an adverse effect on graft outcome. Historically, older renal allograft recipients (older than 50 years) did poorly compared with younger counterparts. Much of the graft loss was found to be associated with patient deaths, and usually was the result of overwhelming infection. With the cautious use of cyclosporine and prednisone, however, excellent patient and graft survival rates are now reported. Data from the azathioprine and prednisone era show a clear-cut benefit from improved graft survival after multiple random blood transfusions. More recent studies again showed no advantage to blood transfusion when cyclosporine is used. Since transfused patients have a risk of developing anti-HLA antibodies, these patients may become more difficult to undergo organ transplantation in a timely fashion.