Which of the following statements is/are true regarding diabetic vascular disease?

a. Diabetes increases the risk of atherosclerosis at almost all anatomic sites

b. Diabetes affects 1–2% of the population. However, of patients undergoing operation for infrageniculate occlusive disease 65–75% are diabetic

c. Diabetic patients are more likely to have an incomplete pedal arch and occlusive involvement of the metatarsal arteries

d. Aortic involvement in the atherosclerotic process is less common

Diabetes clearly influences the pattern of atherosclerotic disease. Although virtually all anatomic sites have an increased incidence of vascular occlusive disease and the most dramatic effects seem to be in the lower extremity. Infrageniculate occlusive disease is markedly more common in diabetes and involvement of multiple tibioperoneal trunks is the rule. Further, incomplete pedal arch and involvement of the metatarsal arteries is at least three times as common in diabetic persons. Aortic involvement in the atherosclerotic process is only half as common in diabetes as in non-diabetes.