Which of the following is/are true with respect to exercise training and claudication?

a. The effect is beneficial, real and quantifiable

c. There is an improved metabolic efficiency after exercise training

d. It is associated with significant reduction in blood viscosity and red cell aggregation 

For years exercise training has recognized as having a definite beneficial and quantifiable effect on claudicants. Originally ascribed to increases in blood flow due to development of collateral circulation it is now recognized that this does not occur and rather the improvement relates to increased oxygen extraction and improvement in metabolic efficiency. Recent studies have also documented significant reduction in blood viscosity and red cell aggregation.