Which of the following vascular complications are more common in smokers?

a. Coronary artery disease

b. Peripheral vascular occlusive disease

c. Cerebrovascular disease

d. Abdominal aortic aneurysms

Symptoms of intermittent claudication are 15 times more likely to develop in male smokers than nonsmokers and 7 times more likely in women smokers than nonsmokers. Disease progression and graft failure are more common in smokers than nonsmokers and there is an 11 fold increased risk of amputation among smokers. Smokers are at an increased risk for stroke compared to nonsmokers, the risk is approximately double if an individual smokes 40 cigarettes per day. In women smokers the risk is even greater being fully 3.7 times the risk of women who do not smoke and the risk of tobacco and oral contraceptives are particularly dangerous with an almost 22-fold increased risk of stroke. Finally, autopsy series have demonstrated an 8-fold increase in the incidence of aortic aneurysms in those who smoke cigarettes compared to those who did not and smokers have a 2–3-fold increase in the incidence of death from abdominal aortic aneurysm.