Concerning remote effects of localized ischemia, the following is/are true:

a. Lower torso and limb ischemia induce pulmonary injury via TXA2 and WBC effects

c. Adenosine also causes renal and pulmonary vasoconstriction

d. Oxygen radicals are continuously produced by normal metabolic processes 

Both experimental and clinical studies have linked WBC dependent pulmonary injury mediated by TXA2. Adenosine release from ATP degradation contributes to systemic hypotension since it is a vasodilator in most vascular beds but a vasoconstrictor in the renal and pulmonary vasculature. Oxygen radicals are continuously produced by normal metabolic processes and handled by quenching and scavenging systems.