Concerning cellular metabolism, the following is/are true:

b. Loss of cellular Ca++ as ion pumping fails activates phospholipase 

d. Ketone as an alternative energy source has been shown to be beneficial in ischemia 

The shift from normoxic to aerobic metabolism results in a dramatic loss of efficiency from 38 mol ATP to a net of 2 mol per molecule of glucose, a 94% reduction. With loss of ion pumping, free Ca++ accumulates and triggers phospholipase activation. Cellular swelling and interstitial edema increase diffusion distances further compromising oxygen and substrate delivery. In a number of experimental conditions, ketone as an alternative to glucose has proved beneficial.