An 82-year-old man with a long history of coronary and peripheral vascular disease presents with an acutely ischemic right lower extremity. The following is/are true:

b. If intractable congestive heart failure is present, non-operative treatment with heparin would be appropriate

The first step in the management of acute limb ischemia in any patient is heparin anticoagulation. If intractable heart failure is present, heparin treatment would be appropriate without operation. If prolonged ischemia has occurred, the venting of the first 3–500 ml of venous outflow will allow conservation of RBCs and avoidance of the consequences of high levels of potassium. If the duration of ischemic has exceeded 4 hours, a 4 compartment fasciotomy should be performed at the time of restoration of perfusion.