Which of the following statements about upper extremity edema is/are true?

B. Signs and symptoms of venous obstruction include edema, distention of superficial veins, tightness, aching, cyanosis, and pain.

DISCUSSION: Venous edema is much more common than lymphedema. Any of the signs and symptoms listed may be seen in patients with venous obstruction. The proximal venous obstructions in the axillary, subclavian, and innominate veins are more likely to cause symptoms in the upper extremities than is obstruction of the distal veins. The treatment for symptomatic upper extremity venous thrombosis varies according to the cause of the thrombosis.