Which of the following treatments is/are appropriate for symptomatic subclavian steal syndrome?

B. Carotid-subclavian bypass.

C. Subclavian-carotid transposition.

DISCUSSION: Because most patients with the abnormal flow phenomena demonstrated in subclavian steal syndrome are asymptomatic, surgical treatment is not necessary. Furthermore, some patients with subclavian steal have symptoms caused by other extracranial arterial disease and benefit from therapy directed at carotid disease. For patients whose symptoms are attributed to the subclavian steal phenomenon, a variety of surgical procedures have been proposed. Relief of symptoms has been obtained in 70% to 80% of these patients. Currently, both carotid-subclavian bypass and subclavian-carotid transposition are considered acceptable.