The following statements about the pneumatic artificial heart is/are correct:

A. It can support the circulation for over 1 year.

B. It may be complicated by infection or thromboembolism

E. It can be implanted using techniques similar to those used for heart transplantation.

DISCUSSION: The pneumatic artificial heart was developed as a permanent cardiac substitute, but the need for two tubes to pass through the chest wall and the bulky power unit have relegated the pneumatic heart to short-term use as a bridge to transplantation. The heart is implanted using similar techniques as a heart transplantation. The presence of foreign surfaces and crevices make the device prone to thromboembolism and infection. Most surgeons feel that left ventricular support or biventricular assist pumps represent a better option for those patients with end-stage congestive heart failure who require use of a bridge device.