Which of the following statements are true about the management of mammary hyperplasia?

B. Removal of breast tissue to reduce size of the breast is usually predicated on the use of a nipple, areola, and dermal pedicle flap.

C. If removal of 2000 gm. of breast tissue is needed, breast amputation with immediate free nipple-areola grafting is performed. 

DISCUSSION: Reduction mammaplasty can be performed at any age. Because of the increased weight of the breast considerable shoulder and back pain, accompanied by excoriation of the skin in the inframammary area and the shoulders, can occur. Older women frequently seek relief from these problems, which can be resolved by a reduction mammaplasty. The reduction in breast volume is usually accomplished by moving the nipple and areola on a dermal pedicle flap. The flap can be based inferiorly, medially, superiorly, laterally, vertically, or horizontally. It is possible to remove up to 3000 gm. of breast tissue utilizing a pyramidal-based breast flap with an inferior dermal nipple-areola pedicle since the blood supply to the tissues is preserved by this technique. Breast reduction involving removal of more than 3000 gm. requires a breast amputation technique with immediate free nipple grafting.