Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the incidence of bile duct injury following cholecystectomy?

a. Data from the pre-laparoscopic cholecystectomy era would suggest the incidence of bile duct injury during open cholecystectomy to be 0.1–0.2%

c. The experience of the surgeon performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be correlated with the incidence of bile duct injury

A number of large surveys encompassing thousands of patients undergoing open cholecystectomy would suggest the incidence of bile duct injury to be 0.1–0.2%. Although a number of early individual series of laparoscopic cholecystectomy reported bile duct injuries in 1% of patients, as larger series have been reported and surveys including thousands of patients have appeared, the true incidence would appear to be 0.3–0.6%. A number of factors are associated with bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy including the experience of the surgeon. This reflects the steep learning curve with this procedure. Although strongly debated, there is no evidence that intraoperative cholangiography prevents bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The use of intraoperative cholangiography may however detect the injury early in the course of the procedure and thus minimize the extent of injury.