Gallbladder cancer accounts for 3% to 4% of all gastrointestinal tumors. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning the incidence of gallbladder cancer?

b. Southwest Native Americans, Alaskans, Mexicans, and Hispanics have a greater incidence of gallbladder cancer than the general population

c. The majority of patients with gallbladder cancer have gallstones

Gallbladder cancer accounts for 3% to 4% of all gastrointestinal tract tumors and about 2% of all biliary procedures are done for gallbladder cancers. Gallbladder cancer is much more frequent in women, with a female/male ratio of 3:1. The disease is most commonly seen in elderly women with a mean age of 65 at diagnosis. Southwest Native Americans, Alaskans, Mexicans, and Hispanics living in the United States have an estimated five to six times greater incidence of gallbladder cancer than the general population. On the other hand, gallbladder cancer is much less common in blacks. The association of gallstones with gallbladder cancer is well known. Seventy to ninety percent of all patients with gallbladder cancers have gallstones, and about 0.4% of all patients with gallstones have gallbladder cancer. The association of gallstones with cancer may be related to gallstone size; larger stones have a greater cancer risk. There is a 10-fold increase in the incidence of gallbladder cancer in patients who have gallstones that are larger than 3 cm in diameter.