Q:

Risk factors associated with development of gallstones include:

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Risk factors associated with development of gallstones include:


  1. Increasing age
  2. Obesity
  3. Rapid weight loss
  4. Cirrhosis
  5. Diabetes mellitus

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a.Increasing age

b.Obesity

c.Rapid weight loss

d.Cirrhosis e.Diabetes mellitus

Incidence of gallstones varies widely throughout the world} In the United States, about 10% of the population has cholelithiasis. Although the physiologic explanation for increasing incidence of gallstone disease in the elderly is unclear, epidemiologic studies have demonstrated a relationship between increasing age and the prevalence of cholelithiasis in both males and females. Gallstone disease is a much more common in women than men, however with the higher incidence of cholelithiasis in women persisting until the seventh or eighth decade of life, at which time the incidence approaches 20% in both men and women. Clinical evidence suggests a two to three-fold increase in the incidence of cholelithiasis among morbidly obese patients compared to age matched normal weight subjects. Interestingly, rapid weight loss has also been associated with secretion of cholesterol saturated bile and increased incidence of gallstones. Patients with diabetes mellitus have a two-fold increase of gallstone disease when compared to non-diabetics. Although the influence of alcohol on gallstone formation remains poorly defined, autopsy studies suggests that the incidence of cholelithiasis is significantly increased in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.

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