Q:

Important spontaneous portosystemic collaterals which develop in the face of portal hypertension include:

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Important spontaneous portosystemic collaterals which develop in the face of portal hypertension include:


  1. The hemorrhoidal veins
  2. Left renal vein
  3. The paraumbilical venous plexus
  4. The coronary, short gastric, and paraesophageal veins

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a.The hemorrhoidal veins

b.Left renal vein

c.The paraumbilical venous plexus

d.The coronary, short gastric, and paraesophageal veins 

If portal pressure is elevated, spontaneous portosystemic collaterals develop in an attempt to decompress the portal system. Such collaterals increase venous return to the heart and increase cardiac output. In humans, the most important collaterals develop as tributaries of the coronary, short gastric, and paraesophageal veins; intercostal, esophageal, and azygous veins; the superior, middle, and inferior hemorrhoidal veins; and the peraumbilical plexus. Retroperitoneal veins and veins draining to the left renal vein from the splenic, adrenal, and gonadal veins may also serve as sites of the development of venous collaterals.

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