Q:

The following statement(s) concerning hepatic bile formation/secretion is/are true

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The following statement(s) concerning hepatic bile formation/secretion is/are true.


  1. The adult human liver secretes less than 1000 cc of bile daily
  2. Most bile is secreted by hepatocytes (canalicular bile)
  3. Primary bile acids include cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid
  4. The enterohepatic circulation is tremendously efficient in reabsorption of intestinal bile acids
  5. Bile acids are the primary determinant of bile flow

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b. Most bile is secreted by hepatocytes (canalicular bile)

d. The enterohepatic circulation is tremendously efficient in reabsorption of intestinal bile acids

e. Bile acids are the primary determinant of bile flow

The adult human liver secretes about 1.5 liters of bile daily. Eighty percent of this volume is secreted by the hepatocytes (canalicular bile) and 20% is secreted by the bile duct epithelial cells (ductular bile). Solutes constitute about 3% of bile. The major solutes are conjugated bile acids, phosphatidyl choline, cholesterol, protein and bilirubin. Bile acids are the main determinant of bile production, and canalicular bile flow is traditionally divided into bile acid-dependent and bile acid-independent components. Primary bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and in humans consist of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. Secondary bile acids are formed in the intestinal lumen by bacterial dehydroxylation and consist of deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid derived from cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, respectively. Essentially all primary and secondary bile acids are conjugated with the amino acids glycine or taurine. The human liver synthesizes 300 to 400 mg per day of bile acids from cholesterol, or about 10% of the total bile salt pool. Normally intestinal bile acids are efficiently (about 95%) taken up by the enterohepatic circulation. Luminal bile acids are transported by carrier proteins in the distal ileum and appear in the portal venous effluent. The hepatocyte extracts more than 95% of portal venous bile acids for resecretion into the bile.

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