Which of the following statements regarding prognosis in chronic pancreatitis is/are correct?

a. Patients with chronic pancreatitis have decreased long-term survival compared with the general population

c. Excess mortality in patients with chronic pancreatitis is related to cancers of the aerodigestive system, complications of diabetes, and complications of cirrhosis

Patients with chronic pancreatitis have decreased long-term survival compared to the general population. An excess of mortality of 30% over 20 years has been estimated. Less than 20% of deaths are directly attributable to pancreatitis or its complications. Excess mortality is related to extrapancreatic complications of alcoholism and smoking, including cancers of the aerodigestive system, complications of diabetes, and complications of cirrhosis.