Which of the following clinical circumstances have been identified as predisposing factors for the development of stress ulceration?

a. Intraperitoneal sepsis

b. Hemorrhagic shock

d. 50% total surface area second degree burn

e. Adult respiratory distress syndrome 

Several risk factors or predisposing clinical conditions have been identified for stress ulceration. Specific risk factors include adult respiratory distress syndrome, multiple trauma, major burn of over 35% of body surface area, oliguric renal failure, large transfusion requirements, hepatic dysfunction, hypotension, prolonged surgical procedures, and sepsis from any source. A direct correlation has been shown between acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and the severity of critical illness.