As a meal is emptied from the stomach, gastric acid secretion gradually returns to baseline. Which of the following statements correctly characterize control of gastric acid secretion?

a. In humans, the most important inhibitory influence on gastrin release is exposure of the gastric mucosa to luminal acid

b. Acidification of the antral lumen causes reciprocal increases in somatostatin release and decreases in gastrin secretion

d. Acidification of the duodenal bulb inhibits gastric acid secretion

e. Exposure of the duodenum to hyperosmolar solutions inhibits acid secretion

Inhibitory regulation of gastric acid secretion is accomplished by central nervous system, gastric and small intestinal mechanisms. In humans, the most clearly established gastric inhibitory influence is suppression of gastrin release by exposure of the antral mucosa to luminal acid. Antral acidification causes release of gastric mucosal somatostatin which is linked reciprocally to decreases in gastrin secretion. Antral distension inhibits gastric acid secretion.

The inhibitory phase of gastric acid secretion begins with entry of the products of digestion into the proximal duodenum. Acidification of the duodenal bulb and exposure of the duodenum to hyperosmolar solutions and those containing fat potently inhibit acid secretion.