An untreated or an unrecognized compartment syndrome produces nerve and muscle damage and prevents good functional recovery despite the patency of vascular repair. Which of the following factors suggests the need for a fasciotomy?

a. A period of 6 hours or more between injury and restoration of perfusion

b. Combined arterial and venous injuries

c. Postoperative signs of muscle pain or pain on passive stretch

d. Elevated compartment pressures

1. Prolonged period (6 hours or more) between injury and restoration of perfusion

2. Associated crush injury

3. Preoperative calf swelling

4. Combined arterial and venous injuries

5. Extensive venous ligation

6. Postoperative signs or disproportionate muscle pain, pain on passive stretch, or tender and firm muscles

7. Elevated compartment pressures