Which of the following statement(s) is/are true concerning maintenance intravenous fluid therapy?

a. The total daily water requirement for a 70-kg man is about 2500 mL/day

c. Fluid volume calculations for elderly patients generally are decreased compared to their younger counterparts

Maintenance fluid replacement is aimed at replacing fluids normally lost during the course of a day. Calculation of maintenance fluid replacement does not include replacement of preexisting deficits or ongoing additional losses. Formulas exist for calculating maintenance fluid requirements which adjust for differences in body weight and for changes in TBW content. A smaller (or younger) individual who has a high percentage of TBW in relation to body weight requires a greater amount of maintenance fluid per kilogram than a larger individual. The total daily water requirement for a 70-kg man is about 2500 mL/day. Because hypervolemia is poorly tolerated in older individuals and in patients with cardiac disease, the volume calculated is generally diminished in this age group. Normal maintenance therapy requires administration of sodium and potassium. Replacement of calcium, phosphate or magnesium are generally not necessary in patients requiring shortterm therapy. In critically ill patients, however, critical deficits in these electrolytes may occur and must be replaced.