Which of the following is/are true of the actions of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b) during wound repair?

A. Increased matrix and proteoglycan synthesis.

B. Inhibition of proteases

D. Chemotaxis for fibroblasts and macrophages.

E. Autoinduction of TGF-b.

DISCUSSION: Through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms TGF-b stimulates the deposition of collagen and other matrix components by fibroblasts, inhibits proteases, blocks plasminogen inhibitor, enhances angiogenesis, and is chemotactic for fibroblasts, monocytes, and macrophages. TGF-b modulates the expression of cell-surface integrins in a manner that enhances cell-matrix interaction and matrix assembly. TGF-b also induces cell production by cells, thus amplifying its biologic effects. The sustained production of TGF-b at the wound site leads to tissue fibrosis.