What are the causes of hypercalcemia?

need an explanation for this answer? contact us directly to get an explanation for this answer

• Primary hyperparathyroidism

– Adenoma                      Hereditary causes – HRPT2(HPT-JT)

– Hyperplasia                   Hereditary causes – MEN1, MEN2A, HRPT1

• Malignancy (2nd MC cause)

– Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (PTHrP) Ca lung, kidney, head

and neck, urogenital tract

– Osteolytic bone metastases

– Hematological malignancies—lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma

(↑ESR, Normal SALP)

– Both breast Ca, HTLV-1 induced adult T-cell leukemia

– Ectopic tumor produced PTH

• Reset parathyroid CaSR

– Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

– Lithium

• Vitamin D related

– Vitamin D intoxication

– ↑1,25(OH)2D Granulomatous disease—sarcoidosis, TB, fungal infections

– Williams syndrome (idiopathic hypercalcemia of infancy)

• Associated with high bone turnover

– Immobilization

– Endocrine hyperthyroidism, acromegaly, pheochromocytoma

• Associated with renal failure

– Aluminum (Al) intoxication

– Milk alkali syndrome

– Severe secondary hyperparathyroidism

• Others

– Exogenous PTH therapy

– Jansen’s disease.

need an explanation for this answer? contact us directly to get an explanation for this answer