Q:

In cars, the aim of safety features such as seatbelts, padding on the dashboard, collapsible steering columns, airbags and body panels that crumple progressively, is to minimise the unbalanced force on occupants during a crash? They

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In cars, the aim of safety features such as seatbelts, padding on the dashboard, collapsible steering columns, airbags and body panels that crumple progressively, is to minimise the unbalanced force on occupants during a crash. Bearing Newton’s second law in mind. How do such features achieve? They


  1. minimise the occupant’s deceleration.
  2. maximise the occupant’s deceleration.
  3. prevent whiplash injuries.
  4. convert an unbalanced force into a net force.

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A: Say the occupant has a mass of “m”. Newton’s second law states: F = m × a. to make the unbalanced force F as small as possible, then the acceleration “a”, must be made small. Acceleration may be positive or negative, the latter is often called a “deceleration”. 

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