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If the spinal cord is severed below C4, what will be the effect on breathing?

waelhammad
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2022-10-19
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If the spinal cord is severed below C4, what will be the effect on breathing?

  1. paraplegia will result, but breathing will not be affected.
  2. the intercostal muscles are able to effect ventilation, but the diaphragm will not work
  3. the diaphragm is able to effect ventilation, but the intercostal muscles will not work
  4. independent breathing will not be possible.
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waelhammad
2022-10-19
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C: The diaphragm is innervated by spinal nerves that leave the spinal cord between C3 and C5, so a break below C4 will leave some the nerves above C4 intact and some diaphragm movement is possible. 

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