Across allracial groups, the factor that confers protection against childhood obesity is

(E). Prenatal factors including high preconceptual weight, gestational weight gain, high birth weight, and maternal smoking are associated with increased risk for later obesity. Paradoxically, intrauterine growth restriction with early infant catch-up growth is associated with the development of central adiposity and adult-onset cardiovascular risk. Breastfeeding is only modestly protective for obesity