You are asked to explain breath holding spells concept to a staff nurse during morning round

(C). Breath holding spells are common during the first years of life and are agetypical expressions of frustration or anger. Subtypes of breath holding spells include cyanotic, pallid, or mixed episodes. Cyanotic are the dominant type and may include a brief loss of consciousness and a very brief tonic-clonic seizure. Pallid spells may be similar to vasovagal related syncopal events in older children and initiated from similar stimuli. Iron deficiency with or without anemia may be present and some children with breath-holding spell respond to iron therapy