For each description of skeletal muscle activity A–E, select the most appropriate option from the following list of contrasting muscle attributes.
1. Energy produced in mitochondria.
2. Energy produced outside mitochondria
3. Low level of myoglobin.
4. High level of myoglobin.
5. Low density of capillaries.
6. High density of capillaries.
- Adaptation to aerobic activity is associated with increased ability to store oxygen intra-cellularly.
- Adaptation to anaerobic activity is associated with a low rate of oxygen uptake by the cell.
- Anaerobic activity is associated with a high rate of breakdown of glucose.
- Typical massively muscular strong individuals can lift huge weights but rapidly flag when trying to run.
- Rapid twitch muscle is typically pale in comparison with slow endurance muscle.
Medicine
A. Option 4 High level of myoglobin. Myoglobin is the muscular intracellular form of haemoglobin; aerobic endurance muscle has high levels for oxygen storage to maintain a smooth flow of oxygen to the mitochondria.
B. Option 5 Low density of capillaries. Capillary density determines the rate of oxygen uptake and is low in powerful fast-twitch anaerobic muscles.
C. Option 2 Energy produced outside mitochondria. Anaerobic activity derives energy from glycolysis outside the mitochondria; since this produces high energy phosphate at a low rate per molecule of glucose, much glucose must be broken down.
D. Option 2 Energy produced outside mitochondria. These people major in fast twitch muscle which can produce huge amounts of energy for a matter of seconds, but their muscle is poor in mitochondria, which alone can sustain steady energy production for endurance activities.
E. Option 3 Low level of myoglobin. Rapid twitch muscle lacks the pigment myoglobin.
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