For each term related to vision A–E, select the most appropriate option from the list below

A. Option 5 Due to loss of lens elasticity with ageing. With increasing age, the lens loses its elasticity, so decreasing the ability of the eye to accommodate for near vision.

B. Option 4 Causes reflex contraction of circular smooth muscle in the iris. If light is shone on the retina, the circular ciliary muscles contract to decrease the size of the pupil so decreasing spherical aberration by the lens.

C. Option 2 Determined by the maximum convexity the lens can attain. The near point is the point nearest to the eye where the lens system can focus a sharp image. It depends on the elasticity of the lens and is nearest in infancy and recedes with age.

D. Option 3 Usually involves contraction of the ciliary muscles. Accommodation for near vision depends on contraction of the ciliary muscle to increase the convexity of the lens, convergence of the axes of the eyes and constriction of the pupils.

E. Option 1 Normal vision. Emmetropia is the term describing normal refraction in the eye. It contrasts with hypermetropia (long-sightedness) and myopia (short-sightedness).