Left ventricular failure tends to cause an increase in

A. True Due to inadequate emptying of the left ventricle in systole.

B. False Stroke volume falls; end-diastolic volume rises.

C. True The rise may cause pulmonary oedema if pressure exceeds the colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma proteins.

D. False It falls; congestion of pulmonary vessels with blood makes the lungs stiffer.

E. False The decrease in venous return on standing up may relieve pulmonary congestion and hence dyspnoea.